The Dental Patient with Diabetes

Chapter Two - Diabetes Mellitus

Chapter 1: Glucose Metabolism and Hormonal Regulation Review

Etiologic Classification
of Diabetes Mellitus

Chapter 3: Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

Chapter 4: Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Chapter 5: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

Chapter 6: Pre Diabetes: Impaired Glucose Homeostasis

Chapter 7: Other Specific Types of Diabetes

Chapter 8: Diagnosing Diabetes

Chapter 9: Diagnosis

Chapter 10: Glucose Monitoring

Chapter 11: Complications of Diabetes

Chapter 12: The Dental Patient with Diabetes

Chapter 13: Successful Intervention of Diabetic Emergencies

Chapter 14: Prevention and Treatment of DM

Chapter 15: Diabetes Medications

Chapter 16: Conclusion

Glossary

Appendices

References

Post Examination

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Etiologic Classification of Diabetes Mellitus

1. Type 1 diabetes* (ß-cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency)
   
   1. Immune mediated
   2. Idiopathic
2. Type 2 diabetes* (may range from predominantly insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency to a predominantly secretory defect with insulin resistance)
3. Other specific types
   
   1. Genetic defects of ß-cell function
      
      1. Chromosome 12, HNF-1 (formerly MODY3)
      2. Chromosome 7, glucokinase (formerly MODY2)
      3. Chromosome 20, HNF-4 (formerly MODY1)
      4. Mitochondrial DNA
      5. Others
   2. Genetic defects in insulin action
      
      1. Type A insulin resistance
      2. Leprechaunism
      3. Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome
      4. Lipoatrophic diabetes
      5. Others
   3. Diseases of the exocrine pancreas
      
      1. Pancreatitis
      2. Trauma/pancreatectomy
      3. Neoplasia
      4. Cystic fibrosis
      5. Hemochromatosis
      6. Fibrocalculous pancreatopathy
   4. Endocrinopathies
      
      1. Acromegaly
      2. Cushing's Syndrome
      3. Glucagonoma
      4. Pheochromocytoma
      5. Hyperthroidism
      6. Somatostatinoma
      7. Aldosteronoma
      8. Others
   5. Drug- or chemical-induced
      
      1. Vacor
      2. Pentamidine
      3. Nicotinic acid
      4. Glucocorticoids
      5. Thyroid hormone
      6. Diazoxide
      7. ß-adrenergic agonists
      8. Thiazides
      9. Dilantin
      10. -Interferon
      11. Others
   6. Infections
      
      1. Congential rubella
      2. Cytomegalovirus
      3. Others
   7. Uncommon forms of immune-mediated diabetes
      
      1. "Stiff-man" syndrome
      2. Anti-insulin receptor antibodies
      3. Others
   8. Other genetic syndromes sometimes associated with diabetes
      
      1. Down's syndrome
      2. Klinefelter's syndrome
      3. Turner's syndrome
      4. Wolfram's syndrome
      5. Friedreich's ataxia
      6. Huntington's chorea
      7. Lawrence Moon Beidel syndrome
      8. Myotonic dystrophy
      9. Porphyria
      10. Prader Willi syndrome
      11. Others
4. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

*Patients with any form of diabetes may require insulin treatment at some stage of their disease. Such use of insulin does not, of itself, classify the patient.

Reproduced By Permission American Diabetes Association (18)

Continue on to Chapter 3: Diabetes Mellitus Type 1